Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogels regulate the osteoimmune microenvironment via Itgb3-mediated macrophage polarization to combat peri-implantitis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.055

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synthesis and Characterization of Chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA Hydrogels. (A) Synthesis procedure of chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogels. (B) SEM image (scale bar: 30 μm, 30 nm) of bare Fe 3 O 4 SPs, D-Fe 3 O 4 SPs and L-Fe 3 O 4 SPs. (C) UV-vis, (D) XRD spectra, and (E) CD spectra of bare Fe 3 O 4 SPs, D-Fe 3 O 4 SPs and L-Fe 3 O 4 SPs. FT-IR spectra of (F1) L-cysteine and D-cysteine, and (F2) bare Fe 3 O 4 SPs, D-Fe 3 O 4 SPs and L-Fe 3 O 4 SPs. (G1-3) Fe 2p XPS spectra of bare Fe₃O₄, D‑Fe₃O₄, and L‑Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. (H) Zeta potential of Fe 3 O 4 SPs, D-Fe 3 O 4 SPs and L-Fe 3 O 4 SPs. (I) Loading content of Fe 3 O 4 SPs in FG, D-FG and L-FG groups. (J1-2) General view and SEM cross-section view of the GelMA, Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA, D-Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA, L-Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogel (scale bar: 100 μm). (K1-2) Elemental spectrum analysis of chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogel shows the presence of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe). (L)The photocurable property of chiral hydrogels. (M) Degradation profile and (N) Swelling rate of the chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogel. (O) Maximum compressive strength of chiral hydrogels. (P1-2) pH value and Zeta potential during degradation. (Q) Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) versus frequency of chiral hydrogels. (n = 3, ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001). Abbreviation: SPs, superparticles; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; UV–vis, ultraviolet–visible; XRD, X-ray diffraction; CD, circular dichroism; FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Article Snippet: First, hydrophobic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) (≥99.5%, 100 nm,C12834835, Macklin, Shanghai) were dispersed in n-hexane solvent, with amphiphilic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, #436143) as a surfactant and water, to form an oil-in-water emulsion under rapid stirring.

Techniques: Circular Dichroism, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogels regulate the osteoimmune microenvironment via Itgb3-mediated macrophage polarization to combat peri-implantitis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.055

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of the biocompatibility, antimicrobial efficacy, and multi-enzyme mimetic activities of chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogels. (A, B) Cell viability analysis using the CCK-8 assay showed the total activity of RAW264.7 cells and MC3T3-E1 interacting with Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA composite hydrogel without changing the medium. (C) Live/Dead staining of RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells after 72 h of culture. (green: live cells; red: dead cells) Scale bar: 100 μm. (D) After co-culturing with GelMA, FG, D-FG, and L-FG hydrogels for 72 h, fluorescence images of RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells were captured. F-actin stained with rhodamine-phalloidin (red), and cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 100 μm. (E) Crystal violet staining of Pg bacterial biofilms treated with GelMA, FG, D-FG and L-FG groups. (F) Illustration of the multi-enzyme mimetic activities of chiral Fe 3 O 4 . (G1) The UV–vis absorbance spectra of Fe 3 O 4 +TMB + H 2 O 2 . (G2) Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots of Fe 3 O 4 corresponding to H 2 O 2 . (H1) WTS-8 assay to determine •O 2 − scavenging activities. (H2) Scavenging rate of •O 2 − with different concentration of Fe 3 O 4 . (I1) H 2 O 2 scavenging activities of D-, L-, and LD-Fe 3 O 4 . (I2) H 2 O 2 scavenging rate of D-, L-, and LD-Fe 3 O 4 at different concentrations (0–100 μg/mL). Abbreviation: CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; Pg, Porphyromonas gingivalis ; TMB, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine; H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide; WST-8, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

Article Snippet: First, hydrophobic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) (≥99.5%, 100 nm,C12834835, Macklin, Shanghai) were dispersed in n-hexane solvent, with amphiphilic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, #436143) as a surfactant and water, to form an oil-in-water emulsion under rapid stirring.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Activity Assay, Staining, Fluorescence, Concentration Assay, Cell Counting

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA hydrogels regulate the osteoimmune microenvironment via Itgb3-mediated macrophage polarization to combat peri-implantitis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.055

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulatory Effects of Chiral Hydrogels on the Bone Immune Microenvironment. (A, B) Immunofluorescence showed the expression of the M1 polarization marker CD86 (Green) and M2 polarization marker CD206 (Red) in GelMA, FG, L-FG and D-FG groups. Scale bar = 200 μm. (C, D) RT-qPCR results showing the expression of M1 polarization-associated factors Cd86 , Tnf , and Nos2 versus M2 polarization-associated factors Mrc1 , Arg1 , and Il10 in RAW264.7 cells after co-cultured with chiral Fe 3 O 4 /GelMA for 72 h. (E) Schematic of co-culture of RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells grown on hydrogel surfaces separated by a Transwell chamber. (F, G) Western Blot results showing the protein expression and quantification of CD206 and CD86 in RAW264.7 cells and (H, I) ALP and COL1 in MC3T3-E1 cells after co-cultured with chiral hydrogels. (J) Images of ALP staining on day 7 and 14 and (K) ARS staining on day 14 and 21. Scale bar = 200 μm. (n = 3, ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001). Abbreviation: RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; WB, Western blot; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ARS, Alizarin Red S.

Article Snippet: First, hydrophobic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) (≥99.5%, 100 nm,C12834835, Macklin, Shanghai) were dispersed in n-hexane solvent, with amphiphilic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, #436143) as a surfactant and water, to form an oil-in-water emulsion under rapid stirring.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Marker, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Co-Culture Assay, Western Blot, Staining, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physicochemical characterization of PS-NPs nanoparticles and overall experimental flow chart. (A, B) PS-NPs nanoparticle size was examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution was demonstrated; (C) Flow chart of the whole experiment.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: PS-NPs induce multi-tissue inflammatory response in young mice. (A) HE staining results of lung tissue. (B) HE staining results of liver tissue. (C) Western blot detection results of p-p38, p38, p-ERK and ERK proteins in lung tissue. (D) Statistical analysis of relative expression of p-p38/p38 proteins in lung tissue. (E) Relative mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α genes in lung tissue. (F) Western blot analysis of p-p38, p38, p-ERK and ERK proteins in liver tissues. (G) Statistical analysis of relative expression of p-p38/p38 proteins in liver tissues. (H) Relative mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α genes in liver tissues. Data are expressed as means ± SD. (n = 6). Statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05 vs. the control group.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: PS-NPs promote multi-tissue senescence in young mice. (A) Western blot analysis of P21 and P16 protein in lung tissue. (B) Statistical analysis of P16 and P21 protein relative expression in lung tissue. (C) Western blot analysis of P21 and P16 protein in liver tissue. (D) statistical analysis of P16 and P21 protein relative expression in liver tissue. (E) Relative mRNA levels of P16, P21, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α and NLRP3 genes in lung tissue. (F) Relative mRNA levels of P16, P21, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α and NLRP3 genes in liver tissue. Data are expressed as means ± SD. (n = 6). Statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05 vs. the control group.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: PS-NPs induce detoxification and antioxidant dysfunction in lung and liver tissues of mice. (A) QPCR analysis of relative mRNA expression of antioxidant genes in lung. (B) QPCR analysis of relative mRNA expression of antioxidant genes in liver. Data are presented as mean ± SD. (n = 6). Statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05 vs. the control group.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reshapes oral microbial community structure in young mice. (A, B) The alpha diversity indices of oral microbiota in the control and PS-NPs groups, including the Shannon index (A) and Simpson index (B, C) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity showing the beta diversity of oral microbiota between the control (red squares) and PS-NPs (blue circles) groups. The ellipses represent the 95% confidence intervals. (D) Relative abundance distribution of oral microorganisms in mice of control group (Control) and PS-NPs treatment group (PS) at phylum level. (E) Relative abundance distribution of oral microorganisms in mice of control group and PS-NPs treatment group at genus level. (F) Average relative abundance of Firmicutes in two groups and analysis of differences between groups (95% confidence interval). (G) Heatmap of differential genera in oral microorganisms of mice of two groups.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reshapes intestinal microbial community structure in young mice. (A, B) The alpha diversity indices of gut microbiota in the control and PS-NPs groups, including the Shannon index (A) and Simpson index (B, C) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity showing the beta diversity of gut microbiota between the control (red squares) and PS-NPs (blue circles) groups. The ellipses represent the 95% confidence intervals. (D) Relative abundance distribution of intestinal microorganisms in control group and PS-NPs treated group at phylum level. (E) Relative abundance distribution of intestinal microorganisms in control group and PS-NPs treated group at genus level. (F) Average relative abundance of Bacteroidota in two groups and analysis of differences between groups (95% confidence interval). (G) Heatmap of differential genera in intestinal microorganisms in two groups.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Polystyrene nanoplastics promotes inflammation and aging in young mice through the oral-gut microbiome axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806158

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram illustrating the mechanisms by which polystyrene nanoparticles (PS - NPs, 1000 μg/L) induce aging in mice.

Article Snippet: PS-NPs nanoparticles used in this study were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: